Consider the following statements:
Statement I: The Manki–Munda system, practiced by the Ho Adivasi community, originally focused on resolving internal disputes and social matters without any revenue or taxation obligations.
Statement II: The British codification of the system through Wilkinson’s Rules (1833) transformed Mundas and Mankis into revenue-collecting agents, integrating Kolhan into colonial administration.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Both Statement I and Statement II are correct, and Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I.
Both Statement I and Statement II are correct, but Statement II is not the correct explanation for Statement I.
Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect.
Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct.
Answer and explanation
The correct answer is Option 1.
Key Points
-
The Manki–Munda system is a traditional decentralized governance system of the Ho tribe in the Kolhan region.
-
It originally dealt with internal disputes, customs, and social matters without any revenue obligations. Hence, Statement I is correct.
-
Through Wilkinson’s Rules (1833), the British formalized this system and converted Mankis and Mundas into intermediaries for revenue collection and administration.
-
This brought Kolhan under colonial administrative control. Hence, Statement II is correct.
-
Since revenue responsibilities were introduced by British intervention, Statement II correctly explains Statement I.
Additional Information
-
Colonial policies like the Permanent Settlement (1793) contributed to tribal unrest.
-
This led to uprisings such as the Ho Rebellion (1821–22) and Kol Rebellion (1831–32).
-
Wilkinson’s Rules continued post-independence in certain contexts as customary governance practices.