The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The Manki–Munda system is a traditional decentralized governance system of the Ho tribe in the Kolhan region.
• It originally dealt with internal disputes, customs, and social matters without any revenue obligations. Hence, Statement I is correct.
• Through Wilkinson’s Rules (1833), the British formalized this system and converted Mankis and Mundas into intermediaries for revenue collection and administration.
• This brought Kolhan under colonial administrative control. Hence, Statement II is correct.
• Since revenue responsibilities were introduced by British intervention, Statement II correctly explains Statement I.

Additional Information

• Colonial policies like the Permanent Settlement (1793) contributed to tribal unrest.
• This led to uprisings such as the Ho Rebellion (1821–22) and Kol Rebellion (1831–32).
• Wilkinson’s Rules continued post-independence in certain contexts as customary governance practices.