The Kalpa Sutra, one of Jainism's most important texts read during the Paryushan festival, explicitly mentions that Parsvanath — the 23rd Tirthankara — belonged to the Kshatriya caste, born to King Ashvasena and Queen Vama in Varanasi. The Adi Purana focuses on Rishabhdev's life, and the Tattvarth Sutra by Umaswati is a philosophical text explaining Jain doctrines — neither mentions Parsvanath's caste.