The Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement in Europe spanning roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy and spreading across the continent. It marked a revival of interest in classical antiquity and laid the foundations for modern science, art, and humanism.

Hungary was a member of the Axis Powers during World War II, having allied with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Poland, Belgium, and Yugoslavia were Allied nations or occupied territories, not Axis members.

World War I began in 1914, triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, which set off a chain of alliance-driven declarations of war across Europe. The war lasted until 1918 and involved most of the world's major powers.

The League of Nations was established in 1920 following the end of World War I, created as part of the Paris Peace Conference and enshrined in the Treaty of Versailles. It was the first major international organisation aimed at maintaining world peace through collective security and diplomacy.