Explanation: Slenderness ratio The ratio of the effective length of a column to the radius of gyration of the column, both with respect to the same axis of bending. The slenderness ratio of a column gives an indication of buckling failure in the column. The more the slenderness ratio, the more is the tendency of the column to fail by buckling effect in that direction.

Concept: Modes of failure in steel tension member: a) Gross section yielding: Generally a tension member without bolt holes can resist loads up to the ultimate load without failure. But such a member will deform in the longitudinal direction considerably (nearly 10%-15% of its original length) before fracture. At such a large deformation a structure becomes unserviceable.

Explanation: Design Specifications of Lug Angles as per IS 800 IS 800 provides insights into the Design Specifications of Lug Angles These encompass the following: According to the Indian Standard IS 800, lug angles connecting a channelshaped member should ideally be symmetrically disposed concerning the section of the member. For angle members, the lug angles and their connections to the gusset or any supporting member should develop a strength not less than 20% in excess of the force in the outstanding leg, with the attachment capable of developing a strength 40% in excess of that force. In the case of channel sections, lug angles and their connections should develop a strength not less than 10% in excess of the unaccounted force, and the attachment of lug angles to the member should develop a strength 20% in excess of that force. A minimum of two bolts or rivets should be used for attaching the lug angle to the gusset or another supporting member in all cases.