Types of planning techniques are:
(A) Critical path method
(B) Cost-benefit analysis
(C) Planning, programming and budget making system
(D) Managerial quality
(E) Program evaluation review technique
Select the correct answer from the options given below:
Only (A) and (D)
Only (C), (D) and (E)
Only (B), (D) and (E)
Only (A), (B), (C) and (D)
Answer and explanation
The correct answer is D: Only (A), (B), (C) and (D).
Note: Option (E) — Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) — is excluded from the correct answer per the source, which classifies the four planning techniques as CPM, CBA, PPBS, and Managerial Quality.
Key Points:
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Critical Path Method (CPM) — A project management technique that identifies the critical sequence of tasks determining the minimum time needed for project completion. Used in construction, engineering, and project-based industries.
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Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) — An economic evaluation technique that quantifies and compares positive and negative consequences of a proposed project to determine feasibility and profitability. Widely used in business and public policy.
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Planning, Programming and Budget Making System (PPBS) — A comprehensive planning and decision-making process used in government and public administration that integrates planning, programming, and budgeting to align organizational goals with resources.
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Managerial Quality — Refers to the leadership and managerial skills (strategic thinking, communication, decision-making) necessary for effective planning and goal achievement. While not a technique per se, it is classified here as a planning tool.
Planning techniques help in efficient resource allocation, scheduling, managing uncertainties, and ensuring optimal use of resources toward organizational objectives.