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While browsing e-commerce websites, ________ activates the padlock and the HTTPS protocol and allows secure connections from a web server to a browser.

Correct Answer: B — SSL certificate

An SSL certificate authenticates a website's identity and enables an encrypted HTTPS connection between the web server and the browser, activating the padlock icon. SSL certificates are essential for secure e-commerce sites as they prevent cybercriminals from intercepting data or impersonating legitimate websites.